Diperkirakan kurang lebih 25% orang berusia 55 tahun atau lebih mengalami nyeri lutut yang terjadi hampir setiap hari dalam satu bulan. Pengapuran sendi lutut atau istilah medisnya dikenal sebagai osteoarthritis sendi lutut, meningkat prevalensinya sejalan dengan bertambahnya usia dan lebih sering terjadi pada perempuan dibandingkan pria. Faktor risiko terjadinya pengapuran sendi lutut meliputi kegemukan (obesitas), trauma daerah lutut, riwayat operasi daerah lutut, pekerjaan yang membuat seseorang membungkuk dan mengangkat beban.
Perjalanan penyakit pengapuran sendi lutut ini sangat bervariasi. Penyakit dapat membaik pada beberapa pasien, tetap stabil tidak berubah pada pasien lain, atau penyakit memburuk secara perlahan-lahan pada pasien lainnya. Pengapuran sendi lutut merupakan penyebab tersering terjadinya gangguan mobilitas pada orang usia lanjut. Banyak orang dengan nyeri pada sendi lututnya mengalami keterbatasan dalam melakukan aktivitas hidup sehari-hari, seperti mandi, berpakaian, menggunakan jamban, berjalan, dan sebagainya.
Pengapuran sendi lutut memengaruhi seluruh struktur di dalam sendi, tidak hanya menyebabkan hilangnya lapisan hialin rawan sendi, namun perubahan bentuk tulang atau pembesaran tulang juga terjadi, yang disertai pula dengan teregangnya kapsul sendi dan kelemahan otot-otot di sekitar sendi lutut.
Nyeri pada pengapuran sendi lutut umumnya terkait dengan aktivitas, seperti naik tangga, bangkit dari kursi, dan berjalan dengan jarak cukup jauh. Kekakuan sendi juga lazim terjadi pada pagi hari namun biasanya berlangsung kurang dari 30 menit.
Tatalaksana pengapuran sendi lutut meliputi upaya untuk mengurangi rasa nyeri, memperbaiki bentuk abnormal sendi lutut yang menjadi bengkok, serta mengidentifikasi ketidakstabilan sendi lutut
Terapi non farmakologis (terapi bukan obat) meliputi :
- Latihan jasmani dengan berat badan tanpa atau hanya sebagian saja ditopang oleh sendi lutut (misalnya berenang, naik sepeda, dan sebagainya), serta latihan jasmani untuk menguatkan otot-otot paha. Hindari melakukan latihan jasmani jika nyeri pada sendi lutut bertambah buruk
- Menurunkan berat badan atau bila perlu berjalan dengan bantuan tongkat untuk mengurangi beban dari berat badan yang harus ditopang oleh sendi lutut. Tongkat yang digunakan dipegang oleh tangan yang berada di sisi yang berseberangan dengan sisi sendi lutut yang nyeri. Pada saat digunakan, tongkat dan tungkai yang nyeri harus menapak pada saat yang bersamaan.
- Memperbaiki abnormalitas sendi lutut yang membengkok dengan brace atau patellar taping atau lapisan dalam sepatu (shoe insert) jika tidak membaik dengan terapi medis lainnya
- Akupunktur dapat mengurangi rasa nyeri setelah beberapa kali sesi akupunktur dilakukan
Terapi obat meliputi :
- Analgetik untuk mengurangi rasa nyeri yang dapat berupa obat minum atau obat topikal yang dioleskan di daerah lutut
- Suntikan asam hialuronat (hyaluronic acid) ke dalam sendi lutut
- Glukosamin and kondroitin sulfat
- Suntikan kortikosteroid ke dalam sendi lutut
Obat pengurang rasa nyeri yang lazim digunakan meliputi asetaminofen (parasetamol), obat anti inflamasi (anti radang) non-steroid (AINS) misalnya Natrium Diklofenak, Piroksikam, Ibuprofen, dan sebagainya, serta penghambat siklooksigenase-2 (COX-2 inhibitor) seperti Celecoxib. AINS dan COX-2 inhibitor lebih efektif mengurangi rasa nyeri dibandingkan parasetamol. Walaupun demikian, kelebihan AINS terhadap parasetamol dalam mengurangi rasa nyeri tersebut tidak terlalu berbeda jauh dan oleh karena efek samping toksisitas AINS terhadap ginjal dan efek samping AINS terhadap terjadinya perdarahan saluran cerna, parasetamol seyogianya menjadi terapi lini pertama untuk mengurangi nyeri pada pengapuran sendi lutut, meskipun tampaknya parasetamol kurang efektif di antara pasien yang telah mendapat terapi AINS sebelumnya.
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